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THE FIRST BOOK

Before the well-known disaster by which the whole world perished beneath the waters, many centuries had elapsed, the records of which have been faithfully preserved by our Chaldeans. According to their writings, there lived in those days a race of giants, in a city of great size, called Enos {= Enoch} near Mount Lebanon, which was the seat of empire over the whole world, from the rising of the sun to its setting. Trusting in their strength and colossal size, these giants made themselves weapons, and oppressed their neighbors all around. Wholly given up to a life of indulgence, they invented tents, instruments of music, and everything which contributes to pleasure.

885.1. They were cannibals. And they procured abortions and made them into food; and had sexual congress with their mothers, daughters, sisters, males and beasts. There was no crime which they did not habitually commit, in their reckless contempt both of gods and men.

885.2. In those days a great number of prophets announced the impending destruction of the world, and engraved their prophecies on stones; but the giants, hardened as they were in their sinful habits, laughed at the prophets’ threats, at the very time when the wrath and vengeance of Heaven were on the point of punishing their impious atrocities.

885.3. In Syria there was a giant whose name was Noa, the most righteous and the wisest man in Syria of those who had not abandoned the paths of virtue. He had three sons, Shem, Japhet, and Ham. Their wives were Tytea the Great, Pandora, Noela and Noegla.

885.4. Warned by the stars of the catastrophe which threatened the world, seventy-eight years before the time predicted for the inundation, Noa began to make a covered ship, in the form of a coffer or ark. Seventy-eight years after he began to build it, the sea rose suddenly above its ordinary level; all the inland seas, the rivers and springs, bursting through their usual barriers, raised the waters till they covered the mountains; unusual rains added to the calamity, rains which for a number of days fell in impetuous torrents and supernaturally flooding abundance. Thus, the whole of the human race perished, drowned by the waters, with the exception of Noa and his family; these were saved in the ark he had built. Carried by the waves to the summit of Mount Gordieus, the ark rested there. Some of its remains, it is said, may still be traced, and men go to the spot for the sake of the pitch which they use principally in their expiatory rites.

885.5. Commencing their narrative at this period, in the year when the human race was saved from the waters, our ancestors wrote innumerable volumes. It is our intention to condense their lengthy records, and merely to mention the origin and the names of the kings of such empires as are to this day considered to be amongst the greatest. The first and most glorious of all empires is our empire of Babylon in Asia. In Africa, the Egyptian empire and that of Libya were at first united in one, and were obedient to one sovereign. Our ancestors counted four empires in Europe, the empire of the Celtiberi, that of the Celts, that of Kytim (a country which by its natives is called Italy), and that of the Thuyscones which extends from the Rhine through the country of the Sarmatians to the sea. Some authors add a fifth, which they call the Ionic Empire.

THE SECOND BOOK.

It must be admitted, from the foregoing account and the writings of the Chaldeans and Scythians, that when the waters had disappeared from the face of the earth, there only remained the eight persons of whom we have spoken. They were in Armenia-Saga. From them the whole of the human race is descended. Hence the Scythians are right in calling Noa the Father of all the great and lesser gods, the Father of the human race, the Chaos and the Seed of the World. Tytea is, by them, called Aretea, i. e., Earth, because in her, Chaos deposited his seed, and from her, as from the earth, all creatures came into being. Besides his first three sons, Noa, after the Deluge, begat giants and many other sons. For the sake of brevity we shall only mention the generations of all these various individuals; we will begin with Noa, and then proceed with each of the others.

886.1. In the first place, to Noa Dysir they gave the name of Ogygisan-Saga, i. e., the illustrious pontiff in sacred matters.

THE THIRD BOOK.

We shall only make a brief extract now of what is related in our books respecting Chaldean and Scythian history, with respect to the respective genealogies and descents of sovereigns and heroes. The same books mention several other characters whom we shall pass over in silence, as their history would contribute little or nothing to the brief summary we intend to make; we reserve, however, to ourselves the right to mention them should it be deemed necessary.

887.1. We have now to explain how the depopulated globe was again covered with inhabitants and colonies. The waters disappeared from the face of the earth, and the land was dried up by the sun. Noa and his family came down from Mount Gordieus into the plain which it overshadowed. The plain was thickly strewn with corpses, from which fact, the place has to this day retained the name of Myri-Adam, which means, disemboweled men. Noa wrote the record of these events upon a monumental stone. The inhabitants of that place still call it, the place of the coming out of Noa.

887.2. Now they (Noa and his sons) knew their wives, who, on the very day expected, regularly brought forth twins of different sexes; afterwards, when these twins had grown to years of puberty, and married, they also had twins at each birth: for never did either God or Nature, whose desire it is to spread life throughout the world, fail the wants of creation.

887.3. After a short time, when the human race had multiplied with great rapidity, and filled the country of Armenia, it became necessary that its inhabitants should go abroad and seek new settlements. Noa, the father of all, then at a very advanced age, had already taught them the doctrines of their religion and religious rites; he then began to instruct them in the human sciences. Consequently, he drew up a number of secret topics of instruction in natural philosophy, and consigned them to the books which by the Scytho-Armenians are only entrusted to their priests. No one is allowed to consult those books, or to read them, or to teach their contents to others, except the priests, and even then only when they are amongst men of their own order. The same remark applies to the sacred books composed by Noa, on account of which he received the name of Saga, which means priest, sacrificer, or pontiff.

887.4. Noa also taught men to understand the motions of the planets; he divided time into years, according to the sun’s course, and the year into twelve months, according to the revolutions of the moon. Everything that was destined to happen in the course of the year, and its cardinal divisions, was revealed to men by this science, from the first day of the year.

887.5. Grateful for such benefits, men looked upon Noa as an emanation from the Divine Essence, and called him Olybama and Arsa, that is to say, Heaven and Sun, and under that name they consecrated several cities to his memory; for up to that period the Scytho-Armenians were in possession of the cities of Olybama and Arsa-Ratha, and others named in the same way.

887.6. Noa went to rule over Kitim, which is now called Italy. The Armenians regretted his departure so deeply, that after his death they awarded him divine honours, and looked upon him as the life of the world. In the two countries of Armenia and Italy, the one where he began and the other where he ended his teaching, his reign and his life, the men to whom he left his most complete books, those which contained all that he had taught them concerning things both human and divine, worshiped him, and called him Heaven, Sun, Chaos, Seed of the Universe, Father of Gods, both great and small; Life of the World, the Giver of Power and Motion to the Heavens and to mixed substances, to vegetation, to animals, and to mankind; the God of peace, justice, and holiness; the Warder off of misfortune, and the Guardian of wealth. With a view of expressing this, both nations represent his attributes emblematically by the course of the sun, and the revolutions of the moon, and the scepter of the kingdom, with which he drives all wicked people and evil spirits far from the society of men; they also represented chastity of body and purity of soul, the two keys which admit to the regions of happiness and religion.

887.7. With the same reverential feeling, they used to call Thytea, who was the Mother of all living, Aretia, i.e., the Earth; after her death they called her Esta, i. e., fire, because she presided as a queen at all religious ceremonies, and taught the young virgins how to keep the fire, which was used for sacrifices, constantly burning.

887.8. Before he left Armenia, Noa remained content with having taught men agriculture, thinking that religion and good morals were better than the riches and the pleasures which lead to debauchery and crime, and which had already called down the wrath of Heaven upon the earth. He was, nevertheless, the first to plant the vine, and teach men how to make wine. Not being aware of the potency of such a beverage, and of the vapors it exhales, he became senseless, and fell to the ground in an indecent posture. He had, as has already been stated, a son out of his first three, a junior son, Chem, who, being ever engaged in the study of magic and sorcery, was in consequence of this called Zoroaster. Finding that he was neglected by Noa, who displayed a marked preference for his other children, the last to be born, he began to have an aversion to him; but Chem’s faults were at the root of his hostility to his father. He found him once sleeping heavily, in consequence of having imbibed too much wine, and took advantage of the opportunity: discovering his private parts exposed, and, mumbling something beneath his breath, he made a mockery of his father by magic incantation, and at the same time rendered him sterile and impotent ever after, so that from that time Noa could not make a woman conceive.

887.9. Grateful for the present which he had made them of the vine and wine, the Armenians honor Noa with the surname of Janus. With them the title means, the Giver of the Vine, or of Wine. Now, Chem was degrading the mortal race in a collective sense, championing the idea and upholding it by the nature of the circumstance itself that congress might be had, as it was before the Deluge, with mothers, sisters, daughters, males, brute beasts, or any other species.

887.10. For this reason he was sent into exile by Janus, who was a model of piety, chastity, and modesty, and was given the epithet Chemesenuus, i. e., Chem the infamous, the unchaste, the evil spirit of propagation incarnate. Esen, among the Aramaean-Scythians means, infamous and unchaste. Enua means sometimes a propagator, and sometimes unchaste.

887.11. The Egyptians were the only people who adopted the doctrines of Chemesenuus; they turned him into Saturn, a younger god amongst the other gods, and dedicated to his honor a city called Chem-Myn, the inhabitants of which are called Chemmenites to this day. In course of time, however, their descendants abandoned such wicked dogmas, and only retained one objectionable point, viz., the legality of marriages between brothers and sisters.

THE FOURTH BOOK.
The human race had multiplied prodigiously; it became necessary that men should seek for new settlements. Janus the father of men accordingly advised the heads of families to seek new homes, to live in societies amongst men, and to build cities.

888.1. He taught them that the world was divided into three parts, Asia, Africa, and Europe, just as he had known it before the Deluge. He assigned to each head of a family the country to which he was to proceed, and promised that he would himself take colonies into the whole world.

888.2. Accordingly he created Nymbrotus the first Saturn of Babylonia, in order that he first might go and build a city in that region. By the act of adopting Jupiter Belus as a son, along with the colonies, Nymbrotus obtained by stealth things which fell within the sacred preserve of Jupiter Saga.

888.3. Nymbrotus came with all his people into the plains of Sennaar; there he marked out a site for a city, and laid the foundations for a tower of great height in the hundred and thirty-first year after the human race had escaped from the plague of waters.

888.4. He reigned fifty-six years. It was his wish that the tower which he was about to build should equal the mountains in size and height, in order that it might be a sign and a monument of the superiority of the Babylonian people over every other people, and of the right which it possessed to be called the kingdom of all kingdoms. I shall therefore begin my history with an account of that empire, and mention, as I proceed, the years in which its several princes successively reigned; thus we shall be able to establish a parallel between the history of this and the history of the other empires, their annals and the names of their rulers.

888.5. In the 131st year after the disappearance of the waters, our nation and our Babylonian city, the first of nations and the first of cities, were thoroughly constituted and founded by our Babylonian Saturn. The posterity of our ancestors multiplied enormously. Our Saturn did not seek to secure opulence so much as religion and peace. He built the tower, but did not finish it; and he did not build the city of which he had marked out the site, because, after he had reigned fifty-six years, he was never seen again upon the earth; he had been removed from it by the gods.

888.6. During the early part of the reign of Nymbrotus, Janus sent colonies into Egypt, under the command of Chemesenuus; into Libya and Cyrene, under the command of Triton; and into the rest of Africa, under the command of Japetus, the old Atalaa.

888.7. Into Eastern Asia he sent Ganges with some of the descendants of Comerus-Gallus, and into Arabia Felix he sent Saba, surnamed Thurifer, or incense-bearer. He gave the sovereignty over Arabia Deserta to Arabus, and over Arabia Petraea to Petreius. Cana was governor of the country from Damascus to the extremity of Palestine.

888.8. In Europe, Thuyscon reigned from the Tanais to the Rhine by command of Janus, who joined to him the sons of Ister and Moesa with all his brothers. Their rule extended from Mount Adula to the southern region which borders on the sea. Under them were Tyras, Arcadius, and Aemathius. Comerus Gallus settled in Italy; Samotes governed the Celts, and Jubal the Celtiberians.

888.9. Such are the people who, after Nymbrotus, came out of Armenia with their families, and the colonies which were destined to follow them. Each of the chiefs gave his name to the country in which he settled, in memory of the expedition with which Janus had entrusted them, and as a monument which in after ages would remind each nation of its original founder.

888.10. By order of Janus, all these chiefs raised a tower or fortress, to serve as a metropolis for their colony. As to the people themselves, they lived in caverns or in chariots.

888.11. Our Saturn was the only one who exceeded the commands of Janus, because his great wish was that Babylon should be the city of cities, and the kingdom of kingdoms.

888.12. In those days, after the departure of the heads of families whom he had sent out to found colonies, Janus divided the men who remained into two portions; for he had kept at home with himself several sons who were born after the human race had been saved from the waters of the Deluge, and besides these, a great number of families whom he intended to lead himself into various distant colonies.

888.13. Scytha, with his mother Araxa, and some colonists especially selected to settle in Armenia, were left in that country, and Scytha was the first to bear the title of king.

888.14. Sabatius Saga was appointed Sovereign Pontiff in the region which extends from Armenia to Bactria, and which is still called Scythia Saga. Last of all, Janus left Armenia to plant colonies all over the world.

888.15. Such are the facts which our ancestors have handed down to us in a great number of books. We will now proceed to the recital of their annals and those of their descendants, following the accounts which are carefully and correctly reported in our Chaldean and in our early Scythian histories.

THE FIFTH BOOK.

As we said before, in the 131st year after the human race had been saved from the plague of waters, the Babylonian Empire commenced during the life of our Saturn (Nymbrotus), who reigned for 56 years, and was the father of Jupiter Belus.

889.1. In the tenth year of the reign of Nymbrotus, Comerus Gallus established various colonies in the country which has since been called Italy. He gave the country its name, and taught its inhabitants to observe the laws and be just.

889.2. In the twelfth year, Jubal founded the empire of the Celtiberians. Soon after, Samothes, who is also Dis, established the Celts; no one at that period could vie with him in wisdom, hence his name, Samothes.

889.3. In the fifteenth year of Nymbrotus, Oceanus came to the banks of the Nile, and had several children by his wife Thetys.

889.4. Chemesenuus, the degrader of the human race, came from Egypt to instruct the Telchines in the art of magic, and so ably did he succeed, that he was universally held in the highest reverence.

889.5. In the eighteenth year of the same reign, Gogus, whilst still a child, succeeded to his father in the government of Arabia Felix and Sabaea. Triton reigned in Libya, Japetus (the old Atalaa) in Africa, Cur in Ethiopia, and Getulus in Getulia.

889.6. In the twenty-fifth year, Thuyscon succeeded in establishing the settlements of that great people the Sarmatians; and Moesa, with the sons of Ister, established the Moesians in the country which extends from Mount Adula to the southern region near the sea.

889.7. In the thirty-eighth year, the Armenian Sagas, whose population had increased rapidly, took possession of all the Caspian regions, Armenia, and Bactria. Janus then led the Janean colonists into Hyrcania, and the Janili into Mesopotamia, towards the sea below Babylon.

889.8. In the fortieth year some colonists, the children of Comerus, sought to settle in Bactria. Ganges settled in India, in the part of the country which bears his name.

889.9. In the forty-fifth year, a certain union was effected between the descendants of Moesa and Getulus, from which the nation of the Massagetae arose. At the same period, our Saturn the King of Babylonia sent Assyrius, Medus, Moscus and Magog as heads of colonies, by whom the empires of the Assyrians, Medes and Magogs were established in Asia, and that of the Mosci both in Asia and Europe.

889.10. Anamaeon founded the empire of the Maeonians, who were so called after him. He reigned over them 101 years.

889.11. The second king of the Babylonians, Jupiter Belus, the son of Saturnus Nymbrotus, reigned sixty-two years, and on the site which he had marked out for the building of Babylon, he erected a fortress rather than a town.

889.12. His reign was one of peace, from its commencement to its close. In the third year of the reign of Belus, Comerus, faithful to the customs of Scythia, of which he was a native, taught the Italians to found cities (urbes) with chariots or carts, hence the people were called Veii, from the Saga word Veia, which means a chariot. If a town thus constituted be a small one, it is called Veitula; if a large one, it is called Ulurdum; and if a metropolis, it is called Cyochola.

889.13. Comerus taught men to enclose the inhabited places which were called after him.

889.14. Tyras, after founding Tyre, occupied the coast with the heads of the colonies over which he ruled, and peopled Thrace.

889.15. Arcadius settled in Arcadia, and Aemathius in Aemathia. In the fourth year of Belus, Janus led some colonies out into Arabia Felix; after his own name and surname, he called the one Noa and the others Janinese.

889.16. The descendants of Comerus Gallus were called, after his surname, Galli or Gauls.

889.17. In the fifty-sixth year of Belus, Chemesenuus came into Italy in the direction of the Comeri. Comerus had ceased to be seen on the earth; Chemesenuus seized upon the reins of government over the colonies, and began to degrade the people’s morals by his impieties and offenses.

889.18. Janus having settled a number of colonies on the banks of the river which flows through Arabia Felix, and called them after himself, Janineae, passed over into Africa, to the kingdom of Triton.

889.19. At this period Jupiter Belus began to be affected by a desire for conquest. A short time before this, Araxa and her son {not “his son,” as the context shows} Scytha had occupied the whole of the region which lies to the west of Armenia, and extends to Sarmatia in Europe. When they quitted Armenia, they left there Sabatius-Saga with the title of king.

889.20. Jupiter Belus found out that he could not conquer the rest of the nations without first conquering Sabatius, the king of the Sagas, or putting him to death; accordingly, he determined to compass his death secretly. The Saturn of Armenia, fearing that he could not escape the innumerable snares laid for him by Jupiter Belus, fled for safety and concealed himself amongst the Caspian Sagas.

889.21. When about to pay the last debt of nature, Jupiter Belus commanded his son Ninus to destroy the power of Sabatius-Saga utterly, and to bring all the tribes into subjection to the Babylonian empire, because that empire was the first that had been established in the world.

889.22. Having heard of the command of Belus, Sabatius concealed himself amongst the Sagas of Bactria, until a favourable opportunity should arise either of taking flight or returning to the throne. The forces which Jupiter Belus had prepared against him drove him away from his kingdom about the time of Semiramis.

889.23. At no distant period, Triton left the kingdom of Libya to his son Hammon, who married Rhea, the sister of Chemesenuus, the Saturn of the Egyptians. But, unknown to Rhea, a young girl named Amalthea became by him the mother of Dionysius, who by his orders was brought up at Nysa, a town in Arabia.

889.24. Our historians are of opinion that Ninus, the son of Jupiter Belus, was the third king of Babylonia; he reigned fifty-two years.

889.25. Ninus collected all his forces, and, taking advantage of the military preparations of his father Jupiter Belus, he declared war against all the nations. He spared none, and was especially anxious to put Sabatius-Saga to death, as he was the object of universal regret. Hence Sabatius remained in exile and concealment amongst his own people during the whole of that reign.

889.26. Ninus was the first of our Babylonian kings who extended the limits of his empire; he was the first also to raise statues in the centre of the fortified enclosure of Babylon, to Jupiter Belus his father, to his mother Juno, and to his grandmother Rhea.

889.27. In the fourth year of the reign of Ninus, the giant Thuyscon gave laws to the Sarmatians who were settled on the banks of the Rhine. Jubal did the same for the Celtiberians, and Samotes for the Celts.

889.28. On the other hand, Chemesenuus the Saturn of the Egyptians, proceeded to degrade the Comeri in Italy; he was assisted in this by the assembled strangers and immigrants, whom he had brought together with the view of forming colonies in that country, and who, as a body, were called Mountaineer Aborigines by the Italians.

889.29. In Libya, a dispute arose between Rhea and Hammon, in consequence of the relations which had existed between the latter and Amalthea. Rhea wished to know where Dionysius was, so that she might put him to death. The quarrel was one which lasted long.

889.30. In the tenth year of Ninus, Janus came from Africa to the Celtiberians of Spain; there he established two colonies, which he named Noela and Noegla, the same surnames which he had already given to the wives of Japetus and Chemesenuus.

889.31. In the twenty-ninth year Janus crossed into Italy, and found that there also Chemesenuus was degrading the youth more than expected.

889.32. He bore his conduct patiently for three years; after which he ordered him to leave Italy with a few of the colonists, whom he placed under his command. Next, he divided the colonies which were then established in Italy. The Comeri who had become demoralized, the assembled strangers and immigrants, received orders to settle in the mountain regions beyond the river Janiculum. To reign over them, he gave them his daughter Crana, with the title of Helerna, i.e., a queen elected and raised to the throne by universal suffrage. Now Janus had sent his two last children Cranus and Crana and all their descendants into Italy, when he sent Comerus thither. This family became a numerous people in consequence of their rapid increase, and are still known in our own days by the name of Janigenes, or descendants of Janus; Janus, however, gave them the surname of Razenua, the sacred spirit of procreation, in opposition to the wickedness of Chemesenuus. In this way Janus showed his desire to separate his own descendants from the aborigines, and settled them beyond the Janiculum, on the sea-coast. He surnamed his daughter Razenua, and his son Cranus he surnamed Razenuus.

889.33. Chemesenuus had left Italy. His sister Rhea came to meet him and married him; both of them were joined by the Titans, then marched against Hammon, fought with him, and drove him from his kingdom; and further, forced him to retire into Crete. Chemesenuus reigned in Libya, and had, by his sister Rhea, a son called Osiris, to whom he gave the surname of Jupiter.

889.34. In the twenty-second year of Ninus, Janus, who had founded Janiculum in Thusia (Tuscany), during the sojourning of Chemesenuus in Italy, determined to make it his fixed abode, and extended his possessions to the Arno. Having placed colonies there, he called them Aryn-Janae, i.e., solemnly named or dedicated by Janus. Janus enacted laws and taught them to the people in Vetulonia, where also, he was chief ruler.

889.35. In the forty-third year of Ninus, Sabatius became convinced that it was impossible to retain any hold upon his kingdom, and accordingly he left his son Barzanes as king over the Armenian Sagas, whilst he himself fled to Pontus, to the region inhabited by the Sarmatians. About the same time, Dionysius, the son of Hammon, took up arms and drove Rhea and Chemesenuus out of his father’s kingdom. Osiris he kept, and adopted as a son. After the names of his father and his master Olympus, he called him Jupiter Ammon and Olympicus. He gave him the kingdom of Egypt. During the same year, the Virgin Pallas, who was still very young, was abandoned on the shore of the lake Tritonis. The same Dionysius who was surnamed the Libyan Jupiter, adopted her as a daughter. She it was who taught the Libyans all the details of the military art.

889.36. About the same period Janus taught the Janigenes Razenui natural philosophy, astronomy, the art of divination, and religious rites. He committed all his teaching to writing, and composed what were called the Ritual Books. The Razenui adopted all the forms of worship and the names which were given to sacred things, which were already in common use amongst the Armenians.

889.37. In the forty-ninth year of Ninus, Iberius, the son of Jubal, reigned over the Celtiberians, who were named Iberians after him. In the fifty-first year, Magus, the son of Samotes, reigned over the Celts, and built several towns amongst them.

889.38. In the last year of his reign, Ninus gained the victory over Barzanes, the king of Armenia.

889.39. The fourth sovereign in Babylon was Semiramis, who was born at Ascalon. She reigned forty-two years. She surpassed all her predecessors and contemporaries in the brilliancy of her exploits, victories, triumphs, riches, and in the extent of her dominions. Of the fortified enclosure of Babylon she made an immense city, so that it may be truly said of her that she did not enlarge the city, but that she founded it. There is not a man who can be compared with this woman, so many are the wonderful things which have been written and related concerning her; some to her disadvantage, but most to the contrary.

889.40. In the first year of the reign of Semiramis, the Egyptian Juno was born, the offspring of Rhea and Chemesenuus; she was afterwards called Isis the Great, she who bestows fruits and enacts laws, the wife of Osiris.

889.41. In the same year, Sabatius came by sea into Italy, to Janus the father of men. The latter treated him with great hospitality, and after a lapse of some years made him Coritus, and appointed him ruler over the Aborigines.

889.42. In the sixth year of Semiramis, Mannus, the son of Thuyscon, reigned over the Sarmatians of the Rhine. Amongst the Janigenes Razenui, Vesta, the wife of Janus, entrusted the care of the ever-burning fire to the young virgins whom she had initiated in the ceremonies of religious worship.

889.43. In the twelfth year of Semiramis, Sabatius ruled Saba jointly with Janus.

889.44. In the seventeenth year, Sabatius-Saga taught the people agricultural pursuits, and the elements of religion.

889.45. In the twenty-second year Sabatius made Sabus governor over the Sabines and the Aborigines. He himself continued to live near the region of Janiculum with the rest of the Curetes, and there he died.

889.46. In the thirty-fourth year Jubelda the son of Hiberus reigned over the Celtiberians, on the mountain which bears his name.

889.47. Zameis-Ninias, the fifth king of Babylon, reigned thirty eight years. He did little for the glory of the empire; yet he ornamented the temples of the gods and increased the greatness of the Chaldeans.

889.48. In the second year of the reign of Ninias, when Sabatius was dead, Janus, who had then reached an extreme old age, appointed his son Cranus to be Coritus; and eight years after, he died at the age of 350 years. The Janigenes called him Vertumnus, and awarded to him, as it was right they should, a temple and divine honours.

889.49. During this year Osiris and his sister, who was still very young, discovered wheat, and the art of cultivating grain. Osiris began to introduce both into Palestine. On his return into Egypt, he invented the plough, and all other instruments which are used in agriculture. He then travelled here and there in the world to teach men all his inventions, and became ruler over the whole of the world, except in the countries which were already subject to Babylonian rule.

889.50. In the same year, Sarron was king over the Celts. With the view of softening the manners of men who had only recently collected together into societies, he established a system of teaching letters publicly. Inghaevon reigned over the Thuyscons.

889.51. Arius, the sixth king of Babylon, ruled 30 years, and subjected the whole of Bactria and its inhabitants to his rule. A short time before the death of Ninias, Chemesenuus, who had been forced out of nearly every part of the world, had reached the country of the Bactrians, and owing to his great influence in Magic, he had won upon them to such a degree, that he succeeded in ruling over them with the most absolute authority. Chemesenuus, having collected a large army in Bactria, invaded Assyria. Ninus fought against him, and having gained the victory cut off his head. It was not long before he died. After his death, Arius assembled his troops and conquered the Bactrians and all the Caspian tribes.

889.52. Cranus-Janigen having lost his sister, celebrated her funeral obsequies with great pomp, in company with the Razenui and all the Aborigines. In a grove near the Janiculum, he appointed a regular system of worship in her memory, and an annual festival. When he had grown old he appointed his son Aurunus to be Coritus.

889.53. In the twentieth year of the reign of Arius, Brygus was king of the Celtiberians. He founded a great number of cities in those regions, and gave his name to them, adding to each the name of the chief to whom the care of the city was in the first instance intrusted.

889.54. The ancient Hyarbas reigned in Libya; he was a warrior, formidable in arms, and dreaded on account of his Paladuan troops.

889.55. In the twenty-fourth year of Arius, Aurunus, the son of Cranus, reigned over the Janigenes; and in the thirtieth year Dryas, a learned and prudent man, reigned over the Celts.”

889.56. “The seventh ruler of the Assyrians was Aralius who ruled for 40 years. This man was of outstanding ingenuity in military training, and he was the first to multiply parades and precious stones and female luxuries. Amongst the Libyans Hyarbas, fighting with the Paladuan women, was no match for them. Resorting therefore to bribes he reconciled himself to sharing power with them.

889.57. Amongst the Tuyscones reigned Herminon, a man ferocious in battle, and amongst the Celts, Bardus, who was renowned amongst them for the composition of songs and melodies.

889.58. In the 10th year of Aralius the Armenian Janigenes Griphonii came to Aurunus Janigenus with their colonies. He received them hospitably and assigned them a place of residence with the Janigenes Razenui. At that same time Auson was received by Aurunus along with his fleet, in the following eighth year, and they were assigned their own places of residence by him in the eastern parts of Italy.

889.59. The same Aurunus dedicated a grove in Vetulonia to Cranus, and numbered him amongst the Isi, that is the gods. He also dedicated a temple and a statue to Janus Vertumnus not far from the city, and founded a shrine to the god Razenuus in Vetulonia.

889.60. In his latter years Aurunus created his son Malot Tages Coritus, and in the 35th year of Aralius he died and Malot Tages succeeded him.

889.61. In the last but one year of Aralius Phaeton came with a fleet to Malot Tages Janigenus Razenuus along with his sons. Finding everywhere in the east occupied by the Ausonii, and the mountainous regions under the control of the Galli and Aborigines, and the low land inhabited by the Razenui Janigenes, he was granted land in the western zone, and took possession of the mountains and the whole of the Eridanus up to the neighboring region along with his posterity, bestowing names on these places.

889.62. At that time Italy burned for many days in three regions, around the Istrians, Cymeans and Vesuvians, and those regions were called by the Janigeni Palensana, that is, the Burned-over Region.

889.63. The eighth king of Babylonia was Baleus, surnamed Xerses, and he reigned 30 years. They called him Xerses, that is, Victor and Conqueror, because he came to dominate double the number of nations, and more, than Aralius had dominated. For he was ferocious in armed conflict, and successful, and spread the area of his dominion as far as the regions bordering the Indians.

889.64. In the times of this Baleus Xerses Tagus, surnamed Orma, ruled amongst the Celts, and from him his homeland was called Taga. Marsus reigned amongst the Tuyscones, and Phaeton left his son Lygur amongst the Lygures and returned to Ethiopia, whilst Maloth Tages multiplied the sacred rites handed down by Janus and the inspection of sacrificial entrails.

889.65. The ninth king of Babylon Armatritis ruled for 38 years. Turning more towards luxury and pleasure, he both invented himself things which incline to lust, and caused those which had already been invented to increase much more abundantly. In his era Longho reigned amongst the Celts, and Betus amongst the Celtiberi, from whom the kingdom received its name. And amongst the Janigenes Sicanus the son of Maloth Tages, after whom the region of Vetulonia obtained its by-name.

889.66. In the twentieth year of Armatritis Lygur sent forth Cydnus and Eridanus with colonies, along with their brethren and descendants: and they occupied the regions in Italy reaching to the Ister.

889.67. Sicanus deified Aretia, and called her in the language of the Janigenes Horchia.

889.68. Osiris killed the giant Lycurgus in Thrace.

889.69. In the thirty-second year of Armatritis Deabus became a tyrant over the Celtiberi. He earned this title from digging up gold and precious things, which he was the first to acquire and discover there, putting the colonies under service. And after two years Bardus Junior began to rule amongst the Celts.

889.70. Belochus became the tenth king of the Assyrians, reigning for thirty-five years. He took the cognomen of Belus, because he wanted to exercise dominion as the chief of the priests of Belus Iovis, and his mind was principally occupied with auspices and divinations. Amongst the Tuyscones Gambrivius became king, and he was a man of fierce spirit.

889.71. Amongst the Emathii Macedon the son of Osiris began to reign, and the region retains its name from him to the present day, whilst Osiris subdued the giants around this kingdom, as they had now begun to exercise their tyranny.

889.72. In the twenty-ninth year of this Belochus, the Lomnimi flourished amongst the Celtiberi, and built a great city, named Lomnimia after them. In the following year the Itali were oppressed by the tyrannical giants in the three Palensana, and summoned Osiris to their aid, since he had arrived with colonies at the springs in the vicinity of the Ister . Osiris took the whole of Italy under his control and held it for ten years, giving it his own name as a mark of triumph: and bringing the giants into subjection, he left the giant Lestrigon as king of the Janigenes, being his grandson by his son Neptunus.

889.73. In the 33rd year of Belochus king Lucus began to reign amongst the Celts. In the latter years of Belochus the Attic sea overpowered, and, overspreading its bounds, inundated, Attica.

889.74. The eleventh king of the Babylonians was Baleus, reigning for fifty-two years. After Semiramis his fame outshines the rest. He reigned gloriously over the lands this side of India. Many books of his deeds have been composed by our writers. In the tenth year of his reign Porcus filled Cados Sene island {= Sardinia} with colonies from Vetulonia, leaving part to the Lygures for their posterity.

889.75. In the time of this Baleus the Indians gained possession of their own territories from the Babylonians. Osiris returned to Egypt and inscribed on a column which remains to this day a memorial of his expedition through the whole world.

889.76. Amongst the Tuyscones reigned Suaevus, and amongst the Celts Celtes. Their highest mountains {= the Pyrenees}, which divide the Celts from the Celtiberi, were named by him after a conflagration of the forests.

889.77. Egyptian Typhon, in alliance with all the giants of the world, slew his brother Osiris Iovis Iustus Aegyptius, and he himself assumed the rule over Egypt as a tyrant. Busiris did the same in Phoenicia, another Typhon in Phrygia, Anteus in Libya, in Celtiberia the Lomnini, in Italy the Lestrigones, and over the whole sea Milinus of Crete.

889.78. Hercules the son of Osiris, whose name was Libyus, along with Isis in Egypt took on Typhon, in Phoenicia Busiris, another Typhon in Phrygia, Milinus in Crete, Anteus in Libya, the Lomnini in Celtiberia, whereupon Hispalus was substituted as their king instead, and then he returned to deal with the tyrants of Italy. While he was passing through the Celts on his way to Italy, he begot by Galathea, with the permission of her parents, king Galathes.

889.79. In Italy he made war for ten years and drove out the Lestrigones, afterwards reigning peacefully amongst them for 20 years. He also founded many towns for them bearing his name and his by-name Musarna, as of Gedrosia and Carnania, and he made places impassible on account of flooding suitable for human habitation. And so in the 41st year of Baleus he stirred up war in Italy against the giants, and destroyed them in the second year before his death. Thus Hercules came to Italy from the Hispali, took on the Lestrigones and all the tyrants, founded the Arni, Lybarni and Musarni named after himself, reigned for thirty years and left Thuscus as their duly appointed king.

889.80. Altades was the twelfth king of the Babylonians, ruling for 32 years. He devoted a significant portion of his time to luxury, considering it wasted if spent in labor, and his life a continual misery if devoted to work, not indeed for the advantage and benefit of others and for humanity in general, but for their ruin and servitude. Therefore he so ordered his life that it should be productive of wealth and pomp, and that all his days on earth moroseness and misery should be foreign to his experience, yielding to greater achievements.

889.81. In the time of this Altades Hercules summoned the son Thuscus whom he had begotten from Araxa from the region of the Tanais. Galathes, after whom the Samothei were named Galli, reigned in his era amongst the Celts, and Vandalus amongst the Tuyscones.

889.82. Hercules made his son Thuscus, as was customary, Coritus over the Janigenes. He left him king over them, and in extreme old age returned to the Celtiberi, in the thirty-ninth year of Altades, and reigned and died there. The Celtiberi awarded him a temple in Gades and a sepulcher and divine honors, and dedicated many cities in his name as recognition of his achievements, as for example Libysosona, Libysoca, Libunca, and Libora.

889.83. Thuscus despatched the young Galathes (who had been sent to Hercules) to Sicily with colonies. The same Thuscus first instructed the Palatuan militia and the Razenui Janigenes in first principles.

889.84. The thirteenth king of Babylonia Mamitus ruled thirty years. He by contrast trained the soldiers and familiarized them with labor, allowing luxuries, unguents and ointments only at fixed intervals, and thus made it his aim to excel in armed conflict. He became formidable to the Syrians and Egyptians. In his twenty-second year Alteus the son of Thuscus reigned amongst the Janigenes and in the second year prior to this Hesperus the brother of Kitym amongst the Celtiberi, and further Narbon amongst the Celts and Teutanes amongst the Tuyscones.

889.85. The fourteenth king to have dominion over the Babylonians was Mancaleus, ruling for 30 years. In his first year Kytim reigned amongst the Celtiberi, having driven out his brother Hesperus into Italy.

889.86. In the twelfth year of Mancaleus, Kitym ruled amongst the Janigenes, leaving as king over the Celtiberi his son Sicorus. In the era of the same Mancaleus Hercules Alemannus ruled amongst the Tuyscones, and Lugdus amongst the Celts, and various districts and men received their names from him.

889.87. The Itali called Kytim Italus Atala in their own language on account of his mental capacity. He gave his daughter Electra as wife to Cambo Blascon the chief of the Janigenes. For his wedding Italus sent colonies across the Alps adjoining Italy and consecrated his daughter Roma first of all under-queen of the Aborigines. Italus Kytim made also his son Morges Coritus.

889.88. The fifteenth king to have dominion over the Assyrians was Sferus, who ruled for 20 years, a man whose deeds and wisdom all the people celebrate. In his time Morges the son of Italus made his relative Camboblascon Coritus, and Itus remained Coritus till a little while later. Amongst the Celtiberi reigned Sicanus the son of Sicorus, after the death of Sferus under Mamelus.

889.89. The sixteenth king to have dominion over the Babylonians was Mamelus who ruled 30 years. In his eighth year Romanessos son of Roma became the first sub-king of the mountain Aborigines and Sicanus reigned amongst the Celtiberi.

889.90. Amongst the Celts reigned Beligius from whom the Belgians received their name and amongst the Janigenes finally Iasius was made Coritus by his father.

889.91. Iasius was made Coritus and the next year two kings began to rule at the same time, that is, Cecrops Priscus the first king of the Athenians and Iasius Janigena amongst the Celts.

889.92. Io the Egyptian was present at the marriage of Iasius. Alone amongst women she lived one more century than Dodoneus and wandered over almost the whole world after the slaying of her husband.

889.93. The seventeenth king of the Babylonians was Sparetus, and he ruled 40 years. Under him marvelous events began to occur in the world. It was then that an earthquake terrified the Babylonians. The Athenians set up their kingdom in his 4th year. That same year Iasius Janigene acquired dominion over the Italians, and a little while later Siceleus over the Celtiberi.

889.94. Under Sparetus the great Egyptian kings Orus, Acencheres, Acoris, ended their reigns and Chencres began his, who fought by Magic arts with the Hebrews and was submerged by them. In his 34th and 35th year there was an inundation in Thessaly, not only as a result of rainstorms but on account of the fact that blockages occurred through the collapse of mountains and rivers filled the low-lying land, and by the earthquake which followed the mountains’ rocky structure was split apart and water reversed in the channels. And in other parts of them a fire followed the earthquake, under a certain king of theirs Phaeton. And our king conquered the Phoenicians and Syrians. But before all this in the 20th year of his reign Io returned to Egypt from Italy. And the first intestinal struggle arose for the royal power between Dardanus and Iasius. The Aborigines sided with Dardanus and the Janigenes and Sicels, along with Siceleus, sided with Iasius.

889.95. The eighteenth king to exercise power over the Babylonians was Ascatades. He ruled 41 years and brought the whole of Syria completely under his sway. In his 13th year the discovery of the vine is said to have been made amongst the Greeks. In the same year Dardanus slew Iasius by guile and fleeing to Samothrace lay hidden there for a considerable period of time.

889.96. Iasius was succeeded by his son Coribantus.

889.97. In the 8th year of Ascatades Cancres, overcome by the magic arts of the Hebrews, perished in the sea, and he was succeeded amongst the Egyptians by Acherres, amongst the Celtiberi Lusus came to power, amongst the Celts Allobrox, and amongst the Italians Romanessus the son of Roma, consecrated the first Saturnus, presently ended his life, being succeeded by his son Picus Priscus.

889.98. In the last year of the reign of Ascatades Ato bestowed a part of the Maeonian territory on Dardanus, and thus the kingdom of Troy began. Whatever legal rights Dardanus had in the kingdom of Italy he resigned to Turrenus the son of Ato.

889.99. Turrhenus sailed to Italy Janigena, and was received with joy by Cybele and Coribantus, and was granted political status amongst the Razenui.

889.100. The same Turrhenus brought forth out of his treasures and made gifts of many Maeonian ornaments. Coribantus and Cybele, adorned with Dynastic power over twelve princes of twelve tribes of the Janigenes, conveyed themselves into Phrygia.

889.101. Further also under Ascatades there reigned amongst the Egyptians Cherres and Armeus, who was given the cognomen Danaus, and Ramesses, with the cognomen Aegyptus.

889.102. Thus the rulers and history of the primordial kingdoms are set forth in our traditions, from Janus at the time of the first Inundation up to the foundation of the kingdom of Dardania, and are herein recorded by us in a series of brief notices.”

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